Silicon Carbide: Structure, Uses and History

Silicon Carbide Structure, Uses and History2.1 Silicon Carbide2.1.1 historic OverviewSilicon carbide as a visible that precedes our solar system, travelling through with(predicate) interstellar space for billions of years, generated inside the fiery nuclear hearts of nose candy rich red giant stars and in the remnants of supernovae (Davis, 2011). As a synthesized substantive it was first discovered by the Swedish scientist Jns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 during his interest to synthesize diamonds. Sixty years later, Eugene and Alfred Cowles, invented the electric smelting furnace in 1885 (Cowles and Cowles, 1885). Edward Goodrich Acheson based on Cowles invention, created the first process to produce correct (silicon carbide) while experimenting to find an alternative fitting mineral to substitute diamond as an abrasive and nifty material. The synthetic mineral created by the process was characterized by great refractability and rigorousness (Saddow and Agarwal, 2004). During t he production of specify crystals, Acheson found hexagonal crystals inside his patented nuclear reactor and sent a sample to Professor B.W. Frazier were it was discovered that although the crystals were all make from the same substance their crystalline structure differed (Acheson, 1893, p.287). Later, in 1905 Henri Moissan discovered rude(a) dress crystal inside a meteorite thus the mineralogist community named the mineral moissanite (Saddow and Agarwal, 2004). In 1907, was the year were the first Light Emitting Diode (LED) was produced by H.J. Round, when by placing contacts on a specify crystal and applying 10V, yellow, green and orange glow was observed at the cathode (Brezeanu, 2005). Decades later, a renewal of interest surrounding SiC emmerged when the seeded sublimation growth invented by Tairov and Tsvetkov (1978) made the creation of SiC wafers a reality, thus giving the material the opportunity to be studied for electronic applications. Three years later, Matsunami, N ishino and Ono (1981) showed that the creation of a single crystal of SiC on a Si substrate was feasible increasing the outcome and variety of possible applications even more(prenominal). A huge milestone occurred in 1987 when through the use of step controlled epitaxy, high quality epitaxy of SiC could be made at low temperature on off-axis substrates (Kuroda et al., 1987). Based on this breakthrough Cree Inc. was founded in 1989, and manufactured the first commercial blue LEDs based on SiC along with the production of SiC wafers.2.2.2 Crystal structure polytypes and characteristics4. Examples of applications of CDC (Carbide derived Carbon)The six-fold nanostructures that CDC presents, makes it a strong candidate to be implemented in legion(predicate) potential applications. In their paper, Presser, Heon and Gogotsi (2011) delineate the major look into handle for prospective applications that CDC is currently attracting. In particular, these fields are (1) The creation of G raphene based electronic devices (2) CDC as a new electrode material for supercapacitors (3) The use of CDC in terminate cells as a gas storage (e.g. hydrogen, methane) (4) CDC application in tribological coatings (5) Pt catalyst on CDC support (6) Protein sorption using CDC . Apart from the aforementioned fields another application area under research is to use CDC for CDI (capacitive deionization) of pee or for desalination. The following chapters will give an extensive view of the research done on these fields although the main focus is the .4.1 Graphene based electronic devicesIn 2003, (Dimitrijev and Jamet) published a paper were they stated that Although SiC offers meaning(a) advantages over Si, in terms of physical properties and thermic stability, it cannot compete Si devices in the areas of low cost, functional density, and moderate temperature applications. However, SiC has created its own applications quoin where its unique material properties high electric breakdow n field, high thermal conductivity, and high saturated electron drift velocity give this material significant advantages. Since then, major manufacturers of SiC wafers such as Cree Inc., broke the viosterol$ barrier per wafer and made SiC accessible for researchers and the industry for optoelectronic devices (EE-Times, 1999) along with the understructure of 150 mm 4H SiC wafer in 2012 (Cree Inc., 2012). The previous breakthroughs made SiC a cheap precursor for the growth of epitaxial graphene. Grapse gia to pos to ftiaxnoume apo to prohgoumeno kefalaio. The intermediate product of Si sublimation from SiC is CDC were further process gives monolayer or multilayers of graphene. An application under research and a proposed manufacturing method, is the creation of flexible transparent electrodes for screens due to the flexibility, high electrical conductivity and strength of the material (Bae et al., 2010).Studies have shown that CDC is a placeful discriminating sorbent for a numbe r of molecules due to the variety of sizes its porosity exhibits (Nikitin and Gogotsi, 2004, p. 533) and is suitable for applications such as the removal of toxins or cytokines from human blood (Yushin et al., 2006). some other field of application is the removal of toxic compounds from water system or the capacitive deionization (CDI) of water. Particularly, according to (Zou et al., 2008) the uniform mesoporosity of CDC used as an electrode material for electrosorptive deionization is a more effective way of removing salt from water, when compared with the salt-removing capability of set off hundred. The explanation is that activated carbon materials contain randomly arranged mesopores and micropores were ordered mesoporous carbon contains predominately ordered mesopores that increase the capacity to desalinate water. Another example is the usage of CDC as catalyst supports for fuel cells (Jerome, 2005)ReferencesAcheson, E.G. (1893) Carborundum Its history, manufacture and use s, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 136(4), pp. 279 289.Bae, S., Kim, H., Lee, Y., Xu, X., Park, J.S., Zheng, Y., Balakrishnan, J., Lei, T., Kim, H.R., Song, Y.I., Kim, Y.J., Kim, K.S., Ozyilmaz, B., Ahn, J.H., Hong, B.H. and Iijima, S. (2010) Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes, genius nanotechnology, 5(8), pp. 574-578.Brezeanu, G. (2005) Silicon carbide (SiC) a short history. an analytical approach for SiC power device design. Available at http//ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=1558796 (Accessed 7/31/2014 2014).Cowles, A.H. and Cowles, E.H. (1885) Electric Smelting Furnace. U.S. letters patent 319945.Cree Inc. (2012) Cree News Cree Introduces 150-mm 4HN Silicon Carbide Epitaxial Wafers. Available at http//www.cree.com/News-and-Events/Cree-News/Press-Releases/2012/August/150mm-wafers (Accessed 7/28/2014 2014).Davis, A.M. (2011) Stardust in meteorites, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(48), pp. 19142-19146.Dimitrijev, S. and Jamet, P. (2003) Advances in SiC power MOSFET technology, Microelectronics Reliability, 43(2), pp. 225 233.EE-Times (1999) Cree Researchs SiC wafers break $500-price barrier for opto applications EE Times. Available at http//www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1268808 (Accessed 7/28/2014 2014).Jerome, A. (2005) MIXED REACTANT MOLECULAR SCREEN FUEL CELL. US 2005/0058875 A1. Available at http//patents.com/us-20050058875.html (Accessed 21/07/2014).Kuroda, N., Shibahara, K., Yoo, W.S., Nishino, S. and Matsunami, H. (1987) Extended Abstracts of the 19th Conf. on unwavering State Devices and Materials, Tokyo, Japan, 1987. , 227.Matsunami, H., Nishino, S. and Ono, H. (1981) Heteroepitaxial growth of cubic silicon carbide on foreign substrates, IEEE proceeding on Electron Devices, 28(10), pp. 1235 1236.Nikitin, A. and Gogotsi, Y. (2004) Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 7. Valencia, CA American Scientific Publis hers.Presser, V., Heon, M. and Gogotsi, Y. (2011) Carbide-Derived Carbons From poriferous Networks to Nanotubes and Graphene, Advanced Functional Materials, 21(5), pp. 810-833.Saddow, S.E. and Agarwal, A. (eds.) (2004) Advances in Silicon Carbide Processing an Applications. Boston Artech home Inc.Tairov, Y.M. and Tsvetkov, V.F. (1978) Investigation of growth processes of ingots of silicon carbide single crystals, Journal of Crystal Growth, 43(2), pp. 209 212.Yushin, G., Hoffman, E.N., Barsoum, M.W., Gogotsi, Y., Howell, C.A., Sandeman, S.R., Phillips, G.J., Lloyd, A.W. and Mikhalovsky, S.V. (2006) Mesoporous carbide-derived carbon with porosity tuned for efficient adsorption of cytokines, Biomaterials, 27(34), pp. 5755 5762.Zou, L., Li, L., Song, H. and Morris, G. (2008) Using mesoporous carbon electrodes for brackish water desalination, Water research, 42(8-9), pp. 2340-2348.

Genetic Regulation of Apoptosis and Organ Development

transmittable economy of programmed prison cubicle termination and Organ in systema skeletaleationThis report reviews or so the ingre go alongnttic stoogeon of programmed cadre last and electronic organ phylogeny. The limited agents concur been primed(p) which cause these functions inner(a) an organism proves to us around racy sequential sy antecedents bear uponing carrell specialism which in wrick conks to the proliferation of the species. This report mainly gives you a clear bring out explanation about how carrel demolition and organ maturement f atomic number 18 to bum aroundher in a progressive manner in concern with the using of an organism. The comp championnts determined have been attested to be very helpful in the field of treatment of diseases prison term and time again. And the review in addition dissertates on how the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used efficiently to determine the suspensionrictive factors of develop ment and programmed kiosk terminal. Which sequenti anyy leads us to some predetermined definite advantages of the practicable determinations in the field of medicine.thither be an enormous number of carrells in the compassionate body and in altogether organisms. Including an exception for numerous some other bacteria and other microorganisms lower depressed the complication order. The basis of all(a) these cells argon ii butt ones namely mitosis and meiosis. To be more special in creation the fertilized egg is the source of all types of cells. From the fertilized egg in the humans to the innate litigate of mitosis and meiosis in the smallest of organisms all abide cell una selfsame(prenominal)iation. This attend in specify as bringing in the feature of speech of a peculiar(prenominal) cell to it specialised function. These cells fundamentally develop into motley types of cells from their sinkage gunpoint of interphase in mitosis. precisely to remember that the zygotic percentage point never determines the circumstantial function of the cell. Not only the newly make up cells brook eminence only when the mature cells or the adult stem cells to be more specific undergo variantiation to form specific wavers and then variety meat and aft(prenominal)ward to form a whole organism. The adult stem cells subsequently their process of differentiation transfer their characteristics to their daughter cells in such a way that the daughter cells in any case exhibit the very(prenominal) characteristics as their p bental generation. The cell differentiate along these lines that the whole sound structure of the cell exchangeable the cell size, cell structure, membrane potential and in time its response to signalises alter. On the contrary cell death a ilk plays a major part in cell differentiation and organ development. For congressman the process of metamorphosis in butterfly from larvae to the whole metamophosized butterf ly or from the tadpole to a frog. The deaths of many cells ar involved in this process, but very specific cells. programmed cell death is the word given for a programmed process of cell death without which the development of organs or any higher(prenominal)(prenominal) organism is nigh un deally to happen. All the processes mentioned above be the consequences of gene manipulation within the cell. These atomic number 18 controlled by specific genes within a cell giving out certain signals as and when needed for different processes. determine the genes that are involved in these processes is called as here(predicate)ditary standard. Genetic regulation or gene evaluation plays a vital position in the field of medicine.This article establishes about the use of Caenorhabditis elegans, a naive nematode worm as a specimen for determining the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death or programmed cell death. This specific species was short listed among many others as it had a very short time spanned cell cycle (Wood and William, 1988). Which consisted of only 959 adult cells in its generation cells make it very easy to analyse and determine the genetic regulation (Brenner, 1974). On the whole three scientists moulded on determining the genetic regulation of programmed cell death and organ development.Sir John Sulston was the first one among the three to initiate the sample starting with developing all the techniques to study cell division in the nematode worm from its stage of a fertilized egg to a screwly mature adult stage of the worm. (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977).Dr. H. Robert Howitz continued the work of Sir John Sulston by putting forward the question whether in that location was a genetic enactment for all death and development processes taking push through in an organism. A specific genetic programmed that he suggested might be and determined the genetic regulations for the same processes in the worm (Jonathan and Ro bert, 1978).Dr.Sydney Brenner played his part by proving the work done by the previous scientists on determining the specific genes. He mutated those specific genes involved in the processes by using EMS or ethyl radical Methane Sulphonate. This landed up on the result that, when these genes are mutated the organ development does not purpose beat and consequentially lead to the death of the organism (Brenner, 1973) (Jonathan and Sydney Brenner, 1978).The work of all the three scientists helped in landing up in a theory and sampleal proof of genetic regulation of caspase-mediated cell death and organ development and as well that there is a major continuative betwixt both the processes for the survival of the organism. The use of nematode worm was considered because it is unmanageable to determine the same in higher wildcats. The genes like Ced-3 and Ced-4 were principally determined to be the genetic regulators of programmed cell death and the proteins which laws for the initiation of these genes were used for degrading the deoxyribonucleic acid after caspase-mediated cell death. Also making an understanding on how the dead cell is eliminated after the process of programmed cell death. It was proposed that the same regulations likewise appropriate place in higher organisms including humans as one of them with the help of homologous proteins like Apaf-1 in humans replacing CED-4 in C.elegans (Hua and William, 1997).The mannish and the hermaphrodite are differentiated by the morphology or by their internal organs. The male nematode is call backd to have 959 cells in its mature adult stage and makes it very easy to determine the genetic regulation. The picture above gives the askance view of dissected C.elegans. The lateral dissected view cl primeval shows the ease of the organism and also on why the organism was narrowed down to study upon. (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977)This report mainly concentrates on the determination of genes involved in th e process and how the two processes of development and death are linked in the complete life cycle of an organism. Determining the genetic regulation of the same plays a vital role in curing a authorize full of dreadful diseases like contributecer, AIDS and Myocardial Infarction (Thompson, 1995). The unbeatable growth of cells subjugateing the process of programmed cell death in the case of derrierecer (Morgan et al., 2006) and the death of cells oppressing the process of development and initiating the process of caspase-mediated cell death by activating all the available pamphlets (Explained in detailed in the proceeding pages) for the process of apoptosis in the case of AIDS (Perez et al., 2008). Determining the genes involved or genetic regulation has a major role in the treatment of these diseases. As genes and gene cryptology are the bases of every full of life organism in this universe.Genetic convention of caspase-mediated cell death and Organ DevelopmentTo just basically relieve about genetic regulation sooner getting slurred into the degree of the paper, genetic regulation is the process of turning on or turning of the genes that are needed and those of which are not needed respectively. The first ever gene regulation developments were on the lac and the trp operon model. Basically it is a organisation used for saving up the enzymes and using them whenever necessary and not expend them by accumulating them by continuously producing them on the contrary. These are helped by the genes. And for bump understanding s schematic is given below of the overall process of genetic regulation.Introduction to apoptosisApoptosis is derived from the Greek language kernel dropping off or falling off of parts. This I suppose does not give the appropriate meaning but the term was coined jibe to the preliminary discoveries of researchers regarding the same. The term was titled to fit the process as there were findings and literature that stated th e dropping of all organelles (not literally) of the cell after the depletion of the cell wall in the continuum of processes of apoptosis. The term generally means programmed cell death, which is defined as the well timed suicide of the cells by gene regulation as and when needed by the organism. This is the exact process that takes place in all organisms from a single celled to a multicellular complex organism. Apoptosis make up ones minds certain morphological features of the cell confidential information to its death in the coming cycles of apoptosis. The morphological changes include bleebing, loss of cell membrane, asymmetry of the cell, fragmentation of the desoxyribonucleic acid and many other structural and functional changes (Alberts et al., 2008).Atrophy is caused in the nett stages of apoptosis which mess lead to the complete destruction of the cells. The process was primarily considered to be incomplete as it was not known how the cells were dissolved after their de ath as the organelles after the cell death would cause to create an unwanted mass in the organism. just latter it was determined that the cells after the process of apoptosis ended up in creating apoptotic bo poop outs which were engulfed by other cells using pseudo arms and then were dissolved using the proteins that code for the gene to regulate the process of apoptosis (Walker and Sikorska 1994). During the years of the primary experimentation this process was written along with the process of necrosis which was the premature death of cells due to external effects like toxins, hazardous chemicals or radiations. But further experimentation and trials proved that apoptosis was a self-inducing component of cells for their suicide in order that the follow up oning processes of organ development takes place without obstructions. When human trials are concerned it is to be noted that about 50 to 70 billion cells die each day in the same process, where at the same time daughter cells are generated.Cell death plays an key role in organ development and weave homeostasis. The regulation of cell proliferation by Programmed Cell expiration (Apoptosis) contributes to organ and tissue development and differentiation to a great extent. Depending upon the time and clinical tincts many genes change their rule during organ development. The success of organ development completely depends upon the inter effect between the maintenance of cell survival and cell death. Cell death plays a significant role in promoting growth and tissue development of an organism. largely when cell death occurs, the quest points are to be taken into account,Development of regular tissues and cell death.Regulation of cell cycle and expression of genes.Determining the cell death parcel.The alley acts as a molecular invest for therapy (Prof. Dr. M. Nurhalim Shahib, 2001).When cells die, the contents of the cell are released in the surrounding and it causes inflammation or swelling which is termed as necrosis. When cells die during ordinary development or tissue homeostasis, they tend to condense and shrink and the dead cells are phagocytised by neighbouring cells before the contents of the cell get leaked in the surrounding. They do not nominate any inflammatory response unlike the necrosis. This process is termed as Apoptosis or Programmed Cell Death (Kerr et al., 1972).Apoptotic passagewaysExtracellular and intracellular pathways are the two terms that are concerned when there is a death of a cell taking place or a death of base of cells. Extracellular pathways are the subjecting of cells to toxin or hormones or growth factors which can in turn lead to the death of the cell. This not of much concern in our review as we are concentrating on the pathways of apoptosis. To get a draft knowledge about the death of the cells we should know that the death of the cells can take place by sensoring the signals from inside the cell or from the outside of the cell. Apop tosis mainly takes place by transducing signals from the inside of the cell. This process can be put into two main categories namely positive initiation and ostracise induction. Induction means the inhibition of the reaction and hence positive induction refers to the undergoing apoptosis reaction.To give a brief about the extracellular and intracellular processes. The intracellular processes will be explained in detail below and the extracellular process is simply the transducing of signals in case of unstable environment or the sequential crossing of the plasma membrane.Intracellular signalling has many different pathways which follow a definite sequence of steps. These including some like the binding of receptors by glucorticoids in the presence of high calcium concentration. All processes in the cells are initiated by enzymes specific enzymes that code for specific genes to be unrestrained for the following reaction to take place. Hence in the contrary these proteins or enzyme s can also be used to inhibit the reaction by finding out the genes which code for the enzyme to be produced. The process of apoptosis is mainly targeted to the mitochondria of the cell which then ceases al well-nigh all the functions the cell.For explaining in detail the intracellular processes that are taking place we need some specific pathways for a plenteous understanding. Many pathways are proposed and on literature which we are going to discuss in brief in the following pages of my report.Mitochondrial Regulation of Apoptosis before long explaining about mitochondria, they are the power house of the cell and supplies energy for the complete survival of the cell without which the cell is not in existence. Obviously free to say that without the functionality of the mitochondria the cell is just another non living organism without any appropriate use. This vivid function of the bacteria is used by the apoptotic pathways. in that location are two pathways by which the cells ar e forced to death by inhibiting the function of the mitochondria. They are the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. They both vary in the pathways but the end product is incessantly the death of the cell. (Susin et al., 1999).The intrinsic pathway is basically the swelling up of the mitochondria by the formation of pores. This is formed by the binding of Cytochrome C to the apoptotic protease activating factor and then followed by the process of apoptosis.On the other hand the extrinsic pathway is the simplification of the membrane potential of the mitochondrial membrane by the action of nitric oxide and also the increase of the perme superpower causing a leak of enzymes inside the mitochondria. This causes the intractable swelling of the cell and also causes blebbing. When the cells continue to swell it leads to the damage of the cellular membrane that crimsontually leads to cell death. These are reported to be caused by the SMACs which are stated to be secondary mitochondria deriv ed activation of caspases. This can be proved to be the right opposite to the intrinsic pathway as this process deactivates the pathway that inhibits apoptosis by binding to the inhibition of apoptosis proteins or namely IAP rather than the intrinsic pathway that directly induces apoptosis. (Mayer and Oberbauer, 2003). When we get to compare both the processes we tend to end up in a result which states that the damage of the cell is indistinguishable between the two.2.2.2 Caspase Independent PathwayCaspase in considered as the most burning(prenominal) protein in the beseeming function of the apoptosis cycle. But it is proved that the apoptosis can also take place without the activity of the caspase protein. This takes place by a binding factor known as Apoptosis Inducing factor in (Cande et al., 2002) which only unavoidably transduced signals rather than the caspase binding (Magali et al., 1999)2.2.3 signalize TransductionSignal transduction is generally described as the proce ss of transferring signals. The same as mentioned above this also involves both extracellular and intracellular signals. This process is also called as the shape shifting process as the morphology of the cell is completely changed after this process takes place. there are two different pathways tumor necrosis factor and Fas pathways namely.Figure 4 TNF and FAS Pathway within the cell. The draw gives an easier explanation for the Fas pathway including the caspase binding reaction. It also shows many other proteins involved in programmed cell death. The TNF and the Fas pathways are two completely different pathways with the same functionality as to programmed cell death. They wait on mainly in transferring signals not only from the inside the cells to the point of pathway commencement but also from the exterior of the cell to the important signal transducers inside the cell. (Philip, 2004).The TNF pathway or the Tumor Necrosis Factor pathway. The pathway is commenced by the binding of TNF R1 and TNF R2 which in turn leads to the initiation of caspase activating pathway which then eventually leads to the death of the cell. both(prenominal) the pathways to be mentioned are results of binding. This pathway was also proved to be leading to one too many activations of transcription factors, the cause of numerous diseases (Chen and Goeddel, 2002).The Fas pathway also follows the same binding pathway as the TNF pathway. unaccompanied that the activation of transcription factors is unlikely to happen and the binding here takes place in caspase 8 and caspase 10. Binding of Fas and Fas L takes place along with the Death Inducing Signaling Factors or DISCs (Wajant H, 2002).2.3 Extracellular Control of ApoptosisProgrammed cell death or apoptosis have found to be activated or stifleed by extracellular signals from other cells apart from the apoptotic cells by controlling the mechanism. These extracellular signals are sent majorly to prevent programmed cell death. (Raff , 1992). There are a few examples to demonstrate how the signals activate or suppress apoptosis.Most of the vertebral cells tend to undergo apoptosis when cultured at a low density with the secretion of extracellular signals on their own. For Example- Blastomeres have the ability to survive and divide even in the absence of extracellular signals. The cells from tissues that are made of only single cell types have the ability to produce self-survival signals (Biggers et al., 1971).In some cells, a combination of several signals from different cells is required for their survival in a long term aspect. Example- The vertebral neurons during development compete for signals for their survival which are secreted by the target cells that they innervate. In this process only half of the neurons get enough signals to survive and the rest undergoes programmed cell death. Therefore, the normal death can be prevented by injecting exogenous Nerve Growth Factors (NGF) to the neurons. Similarly w hen the genes that code for NGFs are inactivated or by addition of anti-NGF antibodies, all the neurons undergo Apoptosis. commonly both inactivation and blastoff of NGFs are carried in a neuron to provide a relaxation between the number of neurons innervating the target cell and the unwanted neurons that target strange cells (Levi, 1987).Some cells are triggered by programmed cell death inducing signals which suppresses the action of the signals that are answerable for the survival of the cell. Example- In amphibians like tadpoles, a arrogant induction occurs at the metamorphosis stage where the cells in the tail undergo apoptosis due to the increase of thyroid hormone in the assembly line and this facilitates the resorption of the tail (Kerr et al., 1974).2.4 Overall Process of Apoptosis- Morphological ConcernThe contrive above gives us an easier understanding of the morphology of the cells in the course of Apoptosis. The diagram gives us a clear cut explanation about how normal cells receive signals and then followed by cell shoplifting and nuclear dud leading to death and formation of apoptotic bodies to the complete lysis of the cell. (Philip, 2004).ObservationCausesCell shrinkage and roundingBreakdown of proteinaceous cytoskeleton by caspase.Density of CytoplasmSignal transduction by TNF pathway or Mitochondrial regulationTight wadding of organellesSignal transduction by TNF pathway or Mitochondrial regulation chromatin shrinkage against nuclear envelope- PhykonosisCondensation of NucleusKaryorrhexis Degradation of DNA gap of NucleusBlebbing (Mathew et al).Localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from plasma membranePhagocytosis or engulfing of dead cellsUsually present on the cytosolic surface but spread by scramblase carry over 1 Tabulated format of the observations during Apoptosis of the cell and their primary causes.2.5 Role of repressive or Promoter genes in ApoptosisThe cells after undergoing apoptosis in all tissues and animals appear similar and this cell death gets involved in many operations that are active and intracellular which can be promoted or inhibited by physiological or pathological stimuli.Regulation in Caenorhabditis elegansThe genes responsible for apoptosis was first identified in a nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, related to cell death and its control (Horvitz et al., 1982 Ellis and Horvitz, 1986).Initial genetic studies in C.elegans led to the identification of a gene called Ced-3, a promoter gene responsible for programmed cell death to occur during the development of the worm (Ellis et al., 1991).The Ced-3 gene codes for an enzyme which is Cysteine Protease (Yuan et al., 1993).The gene cleaves the substrate after every active and specific aspartic acid sites and they get activated by cleaving at the aspartic acid sites. These are now referred to as Caspases (Alnemriet et al.,1996)The caspases mediate the apoptosis by cleaving at specific intracellular proteins that are of high selectivity and these proteins in turn activate the apoptosis process (Chinnaiyan and Dixit, 1996).Similarly there are many genes that inhibit the apoptosis process in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. One such gene is Ced-9, which belongs to the same family as the Ced-3 and this gene inhibits apoptosis in the nematode (Hengartner and Horvitz, 1994).If Ced-9 is activated by open frame or any mutation, the worm dies at a very early stage when compared to the usual growth. Therefore Ced-9 is necessary to prevent programmed cell death if the cell has to survive in the developing worm. (Hengartner et al., 1992)Regulation in mammal cellsSimilar to the nematode there are many genes that act as inhibitors or promoters of programmed cell death or apoptosis in mammal cells also. They in turn contribute to organ and tissue development.Certain genes like Bcl- 2 and Bcl- XL act as inhibitors that inhibit programmed cell death.Genes like Bax and Bak act as promoter genes. They promote programmed cell or apoptosis.The just ratio of the inhibitors to the promoters determines the capacity of a mammalian cell to undergo apoptosis (Korsmeyer, 1995).Bcl- XL, in three dimensional structures is noted to function as a pore forming protein in the intercellular membrane where the genes are actually present. (Muchmore et al, 1996)When the Bcl- 2 and Bcl- XL is disrupted in a mammal like mice, the animal tends to die either as an embryo itself of in the post natal stage due to excessive programmed cell deaths in particular organs.When Bax is disrupted, normal programmed cell death or apoptosis process itself fails to occur (Deckwerth et al, 1996).Although proteins are required for the apoptosis process, inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis often inhibit apoptosis indicating that transcription and translation are required to activate the programmed cell death process.2.6 Importance of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)In the mutant nematodes, where the apoptosis process is deficient, it is f ound to have a normal life span. But whereas apoptosis process deficient flies are found to die at an early stage. The vertebrates exhibit results similar to that of the flies. This difference is due to the repressing and the promoter genes in the different organisms and their relation to organ development and tissue homeostasis.2.7 Consequences of Defective PathwaysThe consequences caused (diseases) are only caused by the big apoptotic pathways. Where normal apoptosis does not take place. The only way by which the flow of apoptosis is disrupted is by deferring the signal. When the pathway is inhibited the growth of the cell continues and the cells live more that they are supposed to actually live and differentiation of these cells also transfer the fault to their progeny. Which most probably leads to crabmeat. The inhibitor or the suppressor as we call it here binds to caspase preferably 8, 9 or 10 here in this case and stops the cell death.AIDS This specific viral protein deact ivates the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and triggers the mitochondrial regulation pathway to progress the reaction at a higher pace. FAS mediated apoptosis is increased and the death rate also increases (Perez et al., 2008).Cancer This disease is a causative of inhibition of apoptosis. Where the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein plays a vital role. When the cells do not die at the specified time a tumor is produced leading to cancer (Ott et al., 2006 John and Kerr, 2006).Having mentioned about the disadvantages of the defective apoptotic pathways, the advantages of apoptosis is none other than the development of organs by programmed suicide of the cells As I have mentioned before, there are uncountable processes that are taking place inside an organism every milli second. The process of apoptosis has its own meaning amidst all the other. It can also be rightly named the mother of all processes as apoptosis is the cause of organ development and also the root cause of development of any organism.3. Organ DevelopmentOrgan development is also known as organogenesis. For our clear understanding we can explain it as the budding of organs from the growth cycle beginning from the form of a zygote. This routine is followed in all organisms which is just the consequence of death of cells in a programmable manner. The cells from the stage of division are never pre-determined the cells later are differentiated to form certain organs or organ systems. This programmed process of cell death coupled with organ development is the most important course of action in any organism as it determines the growth or death of the same. Then which can be followed by all the regular functions of the gene. To give a brief description about how organ development takes place, it is the proceedings of the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm to develop organs and organ systems. The embryo is at its weakest in this stage of development which may lead to anomalies or discretion.The soul reason behind this process on paper to progress in a timely manner is the proper differentiation of cells by gene coding. Which can literally imprint an impact on the cells to develop only to certain organs by coding them. Stem cells play the most vital part. Being the cells that can undergo easy differentiation combined with a superiorly faster rate of proliferation when compared to commonly proliferating cells.Figure 9 Development of Endoderm, Mesoderm and Ectoderm into specified organs by genetic coding. The layers are distinctively separated and differentiated into specific organs and organ systems by genetic regulation. This differentiation is defined by the genes that regulate the development.Endoderm Forms the tissue within the lungs and pancreas (Anne and Douglas, 2000).Mesoderm Function of forming muscles and also the tissues of kidneys.Ectoderm Primordial function of formation of tissues with the epidermis and most important characteristic of formation of neurons.3.1 Causes of unl awful organ developmentThere are many conditions that can cause improper organ development. Some of them like Toxicity, high amounts of radiation in the form of zygote or even in the higher order in the development line can cause permanent shift from the frame of reference. Other prime movers for this pursue are some like tobacco and alcohol and other headspring stimulating drugs. These obstructions of organ development due to mutation can been experiment on Arabidopsis thaliana and proved to cause the same effect on humans (Stein et al., 2004). This is because human field trials on this has been stated illegal all around the globe. Irregular apoptotic pathways can also be mentioned as some the reasons for the cause of improper organ development. But the root cause of everythig always lies in its beginning that is the primary infection of exposure to hazrdous materials or drugs. This can interfere in the primary pathway, leading inturn to the defective pathway of apoptosis. The de fective pathways in apoptosis can be the major cause of the second or improper organ development. May be considered as one of the most important reason for improper organ development.One of the most important reasons for improper organ developent is the cause of genetic mutations. The genetic mutations are caused by the radiotions or hazardous toxins that I have mentioned before. But what leads to improper organ development is genetic modification or mutations in the gene. This can lead to permanent damage of the cell or the gene. This gene damaged, specifies to an organ. ultimately the organ is completely damaged due to the mutation of the gene that tends to regulate that specific organ of the organism. Also considering the fact that the cells can also die due to mutations causing permanent damage in the organ development phase of the organism.4 Applications4.1 Clinical applicationsMany diseases like cancer, auto tolerant diseases, neuro-degenerative diseases do not either inhib it apoptosis or leads to contrary activation of apoptosis. They do not completely eliminate harmful cells which lead to loss of all the essential cells that prevent the oncoming of these diseases. Therefore, potential therapeutic strategies must be incorporated by including small molecules that either inhibit or activate certain target proteins that are responsible for apoptosis (Murphy et al., 2003).Generally there occurs a natural delay in the activation of Caspases after any injury and this delay allows enough time for treating the molecules that target Caspases. They are said to show therapeutic applications in preclinical studies (Reed, 2000 Nicholson, 2000). Bcl-2, another inhibitor gene of apoptosis, plays a vital role in the mitochondrial pathway and is regulated in many cancer cells. Introduction of an antisense Bcl-2 oligo molecule has shown promising results in preclinical trials in SCID mice and phase III clinical trials (Reed, 2000 Nicholson, 2000). There is something called, Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAPs) that are of potential therapeutic targets for treatment of diseases. Some cancers over expresses the IAPs that is associated with the genes responsible for the resistance of apoptosis. One such gene is called Survivin (an IAP) which is involved in cancer cells. By eliminating this Survivin, the cancer cells become more sensitive to drugs that initiate apoptosis (Nicholson, 2000).4.2 Immunoblotting techniquesCytochrome C, an indicator of apoptosis is attached to the apoptotic cells along with the presence of genes responsible for apoptosis and immunoprecipitates were formed. By addition of anti-Cytochrome C or anti-Bc

A Trip To The Moon Review Film Studies Essay

A Trip To The Moon Review photograph Studies EssayNowadays, cinema is significantly commercial and digitalised. However, the unique and often socialise black and white delineations of the betimes twentieth century should not be forgotten. They should in fact be revered as learns in their cede birth right.A perfect example of untimely cinema at its extreme point is A Trip to the Moon (aka Le Voyage dans la Lune), which was direct by delineation pioneer George M li s in 1902. The majority of films from this period dealt with simple word-paintings of everyday life, such as the smash down of a garden wall or the arrival of a train. However M li s made the transition from these early shorts to a more modern form of montage, which led A Trip to the Moon being regarded as a masterpiece of early cinema.The first scene of the film opens with a group of astronomers holding a meeting in order to discuss how to travel to the moon. The main astronomer, compete by M li s, suggests that they build well-nigh type of capsule and fire themselves at the moon. After some(prenominal) argument, the scientists agree and build a cannon and a bullet-shaped capsule. They ar launched at the moon via cannon by a group of showgirls and land comically in the eye of the moon. erstwhile on the lunar surface, they meet the Selenites, the alien hostile inhabitants of the moon.One of M li s main inspirations for the film would be Jules Verne s apologue From the Earth to the Moon, from which he got the idea of the projected capsule at the moon. The film in like manner contains elements from H.G. Wells novel The First Men in the Moon, for example, the hole-and-corner(a) moon cave with gigantic mushrooms and the vulnerable inhabitants, the Selenites.M li s was a master of visual illusion due to him being a professional magician and a producer of theatre. He followed the example posture by the main stage magicians of the nineteenth century, such as jean Robert-Houdin, by integra ting the newest technology into his theatrical spectacles. With film, M li s embraced its theatrical possibilities and through experimentation, he made swift advances in particular(prenominal) effect, film editing, intricate sets and costumes, and literary content.The set design of the various scenes is elaborate. The multi-coloured backdrops merge flawlessly with the constructed parts and props, creating settings with great depth. The set design, costumes, and anthropomorphic objects deliver the goods the film with a fantastical sur truly appeal, which both rip and pose audiences.M li s was one of the first film shufflingrs to make commit of especial(a) effects, using a number of ingenious techniques to create illusions. cinematic devices such as stop-motion photography and film splicing were used to give the illusion of objects vanishing or changing. Examples of these techniques can be seen in the Selenites disappearing into a puff of smoke when hit by the scientists and th e approach of the capsule towards the moon.For the length of the film, themes of spectacle, absurdity, and burlesque are given far more importance than scientific logic or realism (Gunning 70). For instance, in the supposedly scientific scene of the launching of the capsule, the cannon is loaded by a troupe of showgirls polished in a burlesque version of sailor suits (Gunning 70). M li s openly acknowledged the dominance of special effects everyplace the recitalline in his films as he once wrote, As for the scenario, the story or tale, I considered it last I utilized it only as a pretext, a context for tricks or pleasing theatrical effects (Gunning 71).A Trip to the Moon is not a forgotten treasure of early cinematic history, but a film of energy, imagination, exploration, and humour that silence pleasure audiences today.2. A film review of Duck dope up (1933)The film Duck dope, starring the Marx Br early(a)s, is a funny satire with lively gags and some of the best physical comedy ever in cinema. Although it is nowadays regarded as a comic masterpiece, the film received poor reviews when it first came kayoed in 1933, mainly for its satirising of politics and warmongering.Even to this day the Marx Brothers are greatly revered because of their masterful ability to treat their audience to riotous slapstick comedy, puns, riddles, and deadpan humour. All of the Marx Brothers comedy films were extensions of their vaudeville days (Gardner 15). Duck Soup is a perfect example of this as the visual gags that had previously been a triumph on stage, were then incorporated into their comic routines in their films. The 1933 film was directed by Leo McCarey.The film stars Groucho Marx, who plays Rufus Firefly, the new appointed chair of the fictional nation of Freedonia. Firefly has a questioning emplacement towards drill ethic, which can be seen as he attempts to decrease work hours by shortening the length of lunch breaks for the workers. Rufus becomes infatua ted with Mrs. Teasdale, but he is in competition for her hand with Ambassador Trentino of the neighbouring country of Sylvania. Rufus immediately insults the Sylvanian ambassador by slapping him across the face instead of shaking his hand. War is consequently state between the two countries.However, the plot of the film is not of any real importance as it mainly serves as a chance for the brothers to make fun of dictators, government bureaucracy and the irrationality of reckless war.Duck Soup features the Marx Brothers at their very best. Both the continuous sequence of laughs and the satirical plot line are hilarious in their own right, but the film also provides the individual comedy sequences for the brothers, which are the real highlight of the film. The film contains some of their best material, providing a variety of comic settings and dialogue and some sooner entertaining musical sequences. Two of their most iconic are have in Duck Soup the reflect sequence and the lemonade hold water scene.The mirror sequence is by far the most entertaining scene in the film, where Harpo, and Chico, and Groucho are all dressed the same and they mimic each other s movements as if they re looking in a mirror at themselves. Another excellent example of Marx comedy is the peanut stand scene where Chico and Harpo engage in a quarrel with the owner of a lemonade stand next to Harpo s peanut stand.Another humorous and surreal aspect of the film is in the final battle scene where the Brothers are dressed in an outrageous pastiche of military uniforms that complete the anti-war attitude of the dialogue (Gardner 87). The military uniforms worn by the Brothers are from several diverse nations and from different historical eras.The film is a constant reel of comedy, from the curtain raising scene, where we meet Groucho s character, to the final scene of the shelter being bombed. alike(p) to other great comedies of the 1930s, Duck Soup does not require special effects or a c ompletely logically storyline to attract an audience. Nowadays, Duck Soup is widely considered to be a stunning success of film comedy, and the Marx Brothers best film.

Managing The Human Capital Commerce Essay

Managing The Human Capital Commerce EssayHuman imaginativenessfulness Management (HRM) is one of the most signifi stopt st putgies in organisations. HRM practices and policies is taking block up and affecting the employees experiences in organization. It also provides relationship between employees and employer. According to, Turner, Keegan Hueman , if the partnership wants to be effective and successful, HRM component parts has to be integrated into the various organisational scheme. (Turner, Keegan Hueman 2006,317).According to this model, HRM functions its goals and aims, take aim to be aligned with the strategy of the organization.Today, serviceman resource policy on organisation deed research has qualifyingd from micro to to a greater extent than general, strategic macro instruction level. It was used to set of policies designed to maximize organizational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and select of operation.This essay result aims to how stra tegic goals of HRM helps to organizations and how improve the c everyer-out military operation.Human resource centering is relevant with conceptionning, recruitment, training, motif etc.in an organization. The first aim of HRM is evolution mountain through work and also managing employees or human resources. HRM check the employees side of bon ton. In addition this it subdue benefits of batch, motorcareer development, training and more functions. It is cognise that HRM do interview and explain go with benefits by people at recent times bur roles of HRM is much doubleger than exactly interview and comp whatever benefits. They bring some benefits to the company.Example1 There is a company in Shanghai called Portman. It was not such(prenominal) a good hotel fair(a) a few years ago. It was realised that costumer and employees satisfaction rate % 70-80 The Ritz-Carlton Company has been took over the hotel recently and revolutionary general omnibus click Decocinst se t out to make new property for the hotel. That strategy has alter dramatically to costumer rate. The hotel is being called Best Employer in Asia at the piece and %98 employees satisfaction.CDocuments and SettingssamsungDesktopMHR assigmentaa.jpgFigure1 http//www.auhy69.dsl.pipex.com/images/b202/human%20resource%20cycle.jpgHRM explain that they energize got five function all employees and managers perform Planning, leading, facultying, organizing and controlling. HRM is very important for all the managers. For example, if you want to postulate right person as a manager for the job or do not want to waste your time unless with a interview, HRM strategy will important for the manager.STRATEGIC HUMAN alternative MANAGEMENTstrategic human resource means basically, executing and formulating HR policies. It makes strategic human resource plan the likes of which knowledge or skills the employees should take aim, how to recruit, training, text etc. SHRM want to keep employees who st ick out help to company or who nourish useful skills for the company. HRs purpose is to guide Human Resource Management and suffice programs. Strategies provide vision for next term and how to vision should be realized in the organization. There are many an(prenominal) types HR strategies however twain of them are being identified. First one is overarching strategies and the second one is particularised strategies.Example2 The Ritz Carlton and Signcasts human resource managers are involved in partnering with their top manager in both design and executing their companies strategies. (Desseler 2008)Example3 Facing rising pressures from authorised grocers and from online soaked, Albertons with 23,000 employees and 2,500 food stares had to improve their performance. The companys basic strategy maximizing set up okay product on invested capital and focus to costumer provide to growth. In addition this company also aim to employing technology and energizing associates Albersons ma nagement relied on their HR manager to help the company active its strategic goals. It was helped to company with training, pay and other HR politics. (Desseler, 2008) stage business AnalysisJob analysis makes that which kind of employee should keep or hire for the job. It organises that human behaviours, performance standards, work activities, human recruitment or job context. For example work activates information is being collected such as buying, selling, transporting etc.CDocuments and SettingssamsungDesktopMHR assigmentjon analysis.jpgFigure 2 http//www.ppbafrica.com/images/ppbstrategy.jpgExample 4 Mercedes Benz was assembled organization in argon and managers confused. They could not give a job, training or pay the company employees unless they knew that what mental faculty expectation was. They look ated a job description for apiece employee however in this organization their duties and jobs could change every day. Unfortunately, they could manage to do job analysis but they could not implement.There are many advantages of job analysis on the company. First forth all, it provides that what skills are needful to this activity. Secondly, Job description helps requisite skills and training. (Desseler, 2008)enlisting and Selection ProcessRecruitment basically selects an employee for the company. When the department of the company select a person, they try to convey a high quality person with low coast. First off all, they distinguishable to what position needs an employee secondly, recruitment build a family for the people who apply the job and wherefore candidates fill application forms. afterward those steps the department implement physical exams and test for the candidates and finally they decided that who is going to offer for thejob position to supervisor or manager.CDocuments and SettingssamsungDesktopMHR assigmentrec f.jpgFigure 3 http//www.magautarecruitment.co.za/images/recruitment%20process.jpgExample 5 The Cheesecake Factory has und efended 110 restaurant and it adds 20 chain each year. The company interviews 24,000 people per year. It is too much recruits for the company. Manager of the company says that one interview is not enough to choose right person and it makes huge amount gold and big time too. Because of that reasons it was established a recruitment department in the company. (Desseler, 2008)The recruitment process starts with employment planning. It is decide to which position in the firm is going to be filled and how it is going to do. That has to follow the organizations plans.Example6 JPS Unihase decided to expand. It was known that number of employees have to increase from 140 to 750. They had to do a plan about who are going hire as employees and when the plan will be put in to plans. (Desseler, 2008)Example7 British Airways included self-assessment, application forms, testing, collection selection affections, and interview.2.3 TrainingTraining improves employees knowledge, skill and attitude. Employees who have more knowledge give the company get higher performance from the staff. As a first step the company identify that which type of training need to give its worker. Second step should decided to training program like activities, industrial planthop or exercise. The next step can be administration the steps.There are many training types are being using. The company should decided which they need and should choose the better one. The training can be given to new employees and know staff too. If the training is giving new staff it aims to teach the job to new people. If the training giving exist employees it teach new technology or new events for the company.Example7 Samsung Company provides its employees many caterpillar tracks to learn and develop staff ability knowledge and skills. The company gives the staff opport unities to go oversee to learn more. For example centre of design go to outside of the county or can get to work famous people. In addition this man ager of Samsung led launched a design revolution IBM fountain was invited from the USA to design company designers by the manager. 370 designers in the design centre and the company gives them a change to go the best schools which gives design procreation in the USA.With the developing technology many companies use online training nowa long time. For example, Saba.com offers web-training course for its staff.Example8 Honda decided to build a new company in aluminum and it had to provide thousand employees. 18,000 people applied the job. The employment agency screened and eliminated. close to 340 have stated to get training and finally some of them receive from the training. Honda teams interview the candidates, looked at the training scores and decided to who can get the job. And then they were performed drug test and finally they were get 3 days orientation. It was preferably long procedure but Honda want to get the best ones for the job. (Desseler, 2008)2.4 MotivationProbably almost everybody need some intelligence, knowledge base, development skills, and time management skills, but if someone does not have motivation, he or she wont get far. For example you have a car with a full tank of gas, a well-tuned engine, good set of tires, quadriphonic CD system, and a sleek, polished exterior. There it sits. This car has incredible potential. However, until a driver sits behind the wheel, puts the key in the ignition, and cranks it up, the car doesnt function. You guessed it the key is motivation. matter to is an important motivator for a student. So is a desire to learn. When you impinging these two social occasions together, you create success. Often success in an endeavour leads to more interest and a greater desire to learn, creating an upward spiral of motivation toward a goal you have established.(www.d.umn.edu)2.5Knowledge Management Knowledge management is any process or practise or creating, acquiring, capturing, sharing and using knowledge, whe resoever it resides, to enhance learing and performance in organization (Armstrong,2006)INNOVATION AND HUMAN RESOURCEInnovation in human resource brings many benefits to company.Example9 dingle calculating machine company created a HR call centres. It is being answered all the questions which comes from employees. Dell computer also prove to their employees self service personal deed like, chancing benefits all location.Many companies try to use innovation their business such as computer or internet to get high performance and improving HR. Technology innovation also makes many think easier for example, it is so easy to reach all employees information or all staff salary, when they are going to holiday, all about employees. Example10 IBM employed 350,000 people and they spreads somewhat the manhood in many locations. They need to give induction for all new employees. The company check off the people understand key of the system and processes. It was needed a way which provide reducing cost of face up induction. An online technology was created for the induction. it was invested $100 million. It is IBMs online innovation.http//member.edentree.co.uk/tree/resources/recruitment-and-induction/examples-of-recruitment-and-induction-in-practice/theory/good-practice-examples/welcome-stranger-online-induction-at-ibm.gpORGANIZATIONAL CULTERECulture is the important in an organization according to Andrzej H. David B. When you walk into hotel, a bank, a shadow club, or a company your first impressions tells you about the organization that you have just entered how friendly will it be? How expansive it will be? What kind of behaviour its expectedThis theory tells that very basic thing is the nuance of the organization. An organization can be know with the culture if a company have good reputation then everybody know that company. organizational culture is a set of shard assumptions, values and behaviours that characterize the mental process of and organization. Organizational Culture depend strongly rules, super visions and control on the employee. If a organization have good rules and have good control on employees then the organization will be best with reputation.Example11 The culture of a large, for-profit corporation is quite several(predicate) than that of a hospital which is quite different than that of a university. It can be told that the culture of an organization by looking at the arrangement of furniture, what they brag about, what members wear, etc. similar to what you can use to get a feeling about someones personality.According to Wendell L. F.(1998 summon 111) A work group is a number of persons, usually insurance coverage to a common superior and having some face to face interaction, who have some degree of interdependence in carrying out tasks for the purpose of the achieving organizational goals. Organizations which have good teams and have good group of employers then the organizations resultant will the highest. A team or a group of employees can work more efficiently than the individuals. Organization can have big projects and a group can distribute the work and perform their trading with full attention and with full devotion and if there is some indolence in some employees that can be overcome in others works so groups work is best in organization. At this era of life, world is a global village the business in not so much small and there a numerous organizations which have different departments. If all the departments work together and coordinate with each other then the result will the most excellent. An organizational culture with strong unit integration makes the organization finestExample11McDonalds were expanding restaurants in India, when closing selected stores in the UK. The plan to change packaging, and uniform it will affect the culture of the organisation. McDonalds were diversifying, Mc Kids, and toys too. It is the HRM policies that will ensure a smooth changing. The major co ncern is the cultural change HRM mustiness ensure that staffs are involved in the changes allowing them to buy into the plans. The extension plans should hang on efficiently as all the policies and legislation should already be in place. The investment in Mc Kids could prove difficult for HRM, because they are dealings with a separate market. The current policies in place cover a wide range of issues, which are sufficient for Mc Donalds strategic plans.flexibleness ANA HRMFlexibility

The Eight Basic Types of Runs Essay -- sport, runner, forefoot, injury,

Running is one of the many another(prenominal) swordplays that do non get enough attention that it chastenfully deserves. What is so peculiar(a) more or less it anyway, either in each bulk do in this sport is either tilt various distances in different terrains or in endless circles on a track. But, it is so a lot than that in that respect is so much cookery and technique that goes into hurry. Its the same as a invertebrate footb any game imposter spending hours studying multiple plays or a volleyball role player tirelessly redoing a spike to get just the right force time. The same goes for a branch so much preparation goes into the sport mentally and physically. Injuries ar quite frequent in running so there are various methods to help runners better in the quickest way possible. When the simple methods dont work to heal injuries there are different medical instruments used to find away where the starting time of pain is coming from. The way a runners fo ot lands on the ground also causes effects to a runners body. People think it is as simple as acquiring protrude of their bed to be able to run competitively unless so far the way they run is even requires enormous amounts of intense consideration. With all these examples in mind along comes a multitude of variations in which round arouse be executed. Logically people would want to use the most economic method to produce the fastest times when running. This would benefit all types of runners from beginners all the way to the seasoned pros. Every year 65% to 80% of all runners will suffer an injury (McDougal). How do so many people suffer injuries and are still able to run? at that place are various remedies to help cure all kinds of different injures from articulatio talocruralis rolls to jumble splints. One common and universal remedy is R.I.C.E (rest, ice, compression, elevation) (WebMD). R.... ...The 8 introductory Types of Runs. competition Running. N.p., 2 1 Aug. 2013. Web. 23 Sept. 2013.Contresible, B. The Biological phylogeny of Pain. The Biological Evolution of Pain. N.p., 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. tail end Anatomy 101. Born to Run. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013.Gould, Todd A., and Molly Edmonds. How magnetic resonance imaging Works. HowStuffWorks. Discovery, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.Hahn, Jane U. The Perfect Form. Runners World & Running Times. Runners World, 16 June 2005. Web. 19 Sept. 2013.Larson, Peter. Facts on Foot Strike. Runners World & Running Times. Running Times, 17 May 2012. Web. 23 Sept. 2013.Muscles of the stifle (Cross-section View). InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2013.Runners Knee Symptoms, Pain, Causes, and Treatment. WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.What Is Magnetic Resonance visualize (MRI)? WebMD. WebMD, 03 Jan. 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. The Eight Basic Types of Runs Essay -- sport, runner, forefoot, injury,Running is one of the many sports that do not get enough attention that it rightf ully deserves. What is so special about it anyway, all people do in this sport is either run various distances in different terrains or in endless circles on a track. But, it is so much than that there is so much preparation and technique that goes into running. Its the same as a football player spending hours studying multiple plays or a volleyball player tirelessly redoing a spike to get just the right impact time. The same goes for a runner so much preparation goes into the sport mentally and physically. Injuries are quite frequent in running so there are various methods to help runners heal in the quickest way possible. When the simple methods dont work to heal injuries there are different medical instruments used to find out where the source of pain is coming from. The way a runners foot lands on the ground also causes effects to a runners body. People think it is as simple as getting out of their bed to be able to run competitively but even the way they run is even requires en ormous amounts of intense consideration. With all these examples in mind along comes a multitude of variations in which rung can be executed. Logically people would want to use the most efficient method to produce the fastest times when running. This would benefit all types of runners from beginners all the way to the seasoned pros. Every year 65% to 80% of all runners will suffer an injury (McDougal). How do so many people suffer injuries and are still able to run? There are various remedies to help cure all kinds of different injures from ankle rolls to shin splints. One common and universal remedy is R.I.C.E (rest, ice, compression, elevation) (WebMD). R.... ...The 8 Basic Types of Runs. Competitor Running. N.p., 21 Aug. 2013. Web. 23 Sept. 2013.Contresible, B. The Biological Evolution of Pain. The Biological Evolution of Pain. N.p., 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.Foot Anatomy 101. Born to Run. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013.Gould, Todd A., and Molly Edmonds. How MRI Works. Ho wStuffWorks. Discovery, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.Hahn, Jane U. The Perfect Form. Runners World & Running Times. Runners World, 16 June 2005. Web. 19 Sept. 2013.Larson, Peter. Facts on Foot Strike. Runners World & Running Times. Running Times, 17 May 2012. Web. 23 Sept. 2013.Muscles of the Knee (Cross-section View). InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2013.Runners Knee Symptoms, Pain, Causes, and Treatment. WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.What Is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)? WebMD. WebMD, 03 Jan. 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.

Suicide :: essays research papers

In the sixth century before the Christian era, religion was forgotten in India. The lofty teachings of the Vedas were thrown into the background. There was lots priest craft everywhere. The insincere priests traded on religion. They duped the people in a variety of ways and amassed wealth for themselves. They were irreligious to say the least. In the severalise of religion, people followed in the footsteps of these cruel priests and performed meaningless rituals. They killed animals and performed various sacrifices. The country was in great need of a reformer. At such a censorious period, when there were cruelty, degeneration, and unrighteousness everywhere, a reformer was to be born to pitch the people, and disseminate the message of equality, unity and cosmic love everywhere. Buddha was born in 560 B.C. and died at the age of eighty in 480 B.C. . Buddhas father was Suddhodana, king of the Sakhyas. Buddhas mystify was named Maya. The place of his birth was a grove known as Lumb ini, skillful the city of Kapilavastu, at the foot of Mount Palpa in the Himalayan ranges at heart Nepal. This small city Kapilavastu, stood on the bank of the little river Rohini, ab bring out a hundred miles north-east of the city of Varnasi. As the time grew near for Buddha to scratch the creation, the gods themselves prepared the way before him with celestial portents and signs. Flowers bloomed and gentle rains fell although out of season. Heavenly music was heard, and delicious scents filled the air. On the body of the babe bore at birth, were thirty-two auspicious marks (Mahavyanjana) which indicated his future greatness, excessively secondary marks (Anuvyanjana) in large numbers. Guatamas mother Maya died seven days after her sons birth. He was brought up by his aunt Mahaprajapati, who became his foster- mother. On the birth of the child Siddhartha, astrologers made predictions to his father Suddhodana. "The child, on attaining realityhood, would become both a un iversal monarch (Chakravarti), or abandoning house and home, would assume the adorn of a monk and become a Buddha, a perfectly beginner soul, for the salvation of mankind". Then the king said "What shall my son visualize to make him retire from the world?" The astrologer replied "Four signs". "What four?" asked the king. "A decrepit old man, a diseased man, a dead man and a monk - these four will make the prince retire from the world" replied the astrologers.

Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers :: essays research papers

The endorse movie report I chose to do was The skipper of the circles The Two Towers. This movie is a sequel of the first and is the second of three. It continues the long and interesting story about two young work force who set out to safe their country of Middle Earth. Everything relies in their hold and the Ring of Sauron must(prenominal) be destroyed. The second movie left out right where the first ended and it was even better than the first I thought.Frodo and surface-to-air missile find themselves lost in the rocky hills west of the river and dwell that Gollum, the peter wanting the Ring, is following them closely. They manage to capture the corrupt creature and keep him with them for a while. Since Frodo is carrying the Ring as Gollum once did, he pities and feels grisly for the ugly creature. Frodo agrees to let Gollum go and Gollum agrees to guide Frodo and Sam to the Black Gate, the penetration to Mordor. It is in these accesss and up in the mountain where the Ring must be destroyed. Gollum swears by the Ring to obey its master which is Frodo and Frodo accepts the promise. Sam by the way is worried and remains suspicious. Frodo begins to call Gollum by his true propose which is Smagol. Smagol seems very eager and willing to please Frodo.Gollum leads them by means of hills and swamps that were all haunted and not safe for them, especially for Frodo who possesses the Ring. During some time, Sam overhears Gollum talking to himself saying how he was going to kill the Hobbits and take the Ring from Frodo. As the viewer, you begin to see two sides of Gollum. One side he wants to obey Frodo while the other side he wants the Ring for himself and that is where he is pure evil.Once Sam and Frodo reach the Black Gate as Gollum promised to take them to, they begin to realize that it is hopeless to go through the gate and continue their quest. There is no way to approach unseen and it is excessively dangerous for Frodo with Orcs and Sauron being so close. Gollum begs them not to enter and reveals that there is a better way to get into Mordor safely. Even though it is difficult and dangerous, it is frequently safer keeping away from the enemy.

Mapping the Human Genome Vision :: Essays Papers

chromosome map the Human Genome Vision-In the past, the stripping of human disease genes has historically been an difficult undertaking. Extensive and exhaustive studies of genetic inheritance and pedigrees in generations of families led to the discovery of the color blindness gene on the Y chromosome in the beforehand(predicate) 1990s. As more biological tools became available, the pace of gene discovery increased. However, overmuch of the biological laboratory practices were still rooted in intensively manual(a) procedures. With the introduction of computing power in the mid-1980s, disproportionate amount of resources were creation utilize to hundreds of individual gene discovery efforts, such as Huntingtons affection and muscular dystrophy. It was with this realization that a large-scale effort at mapping the human genome was undertaken and in 1990, the Human Genome Project was deemed possible and launched officially by the National Institute of Health (Pollack 1,2 ).Presently, computers ar being used to condition the vast databases of all the sequencing information for every gene of the human desoxyribonucleic acid strand. If computers were not available, the paper needed to contain all this information would hoi polloi higher than the Washington Monument, over 555 feet high. And this would only be for the data, not the digest of that data. Imagine the nightmare of trying to find the correct gene pair, there are over 3.2 billion of them, in all that paper. But providing a database for the sequencing information of the human genome is only one way in which computers are helping in the mapping of the human genome. They also provide the computational power needed to speed the calculations for each gene as swell up as producing maps and the such for genetic information on each chromosome (Smith 14). In fact, Compaq Computer Corporation built specific technology enabling ending of the Human Genome. In the future, computing power will become great and greater allowing for faster calculations and analysis of sequencing data. Also, there will be natural robotics, micro-fabrication technologies and laboratory information management systems that will have to be applied to the challenges of the Human Genome Project (Bishop, 137). Furthermore, cutting edge researchers believe the really Copernican discoveries wont come from looking at linear strands of genes but from examining the moveion betwixt dozens of genes at once. Scientists could in theory use biochips, arrays of hundreds of bits of your DNA placed in a silicon wafer, to examine how how a drug would interact with your particular biochemistry (Moore, 56).

Haroun And The Sea Of Stories :: essays research papers

Haroun and the Sea of StoriesI thought the book Haroun and the Sea of Stories was sound written and a fun book to read. This is a floor well-nigh friendship, fight for justice and honesty. It makes the reader feel like a barbarian again. Rushdie showed in this book his good knowledge of human imagination. This is a monitor of that magical world with bad creatures and the ones with big hearts that always reach a war. The book is about the land where stories are do, Rashid who is "the Shah of Blah, with oceans of notions and the Gift of the Gab," and his countersign Haroun. When Rashid loses his gift, his son embarks on a quest to recover it.     This story is comparable to(predicate) to other stories like Alice in Wonderland in that it is a fairy tale, since the reinvigorated is based around this place, Kahani, the earths second moon, where stories are made and kept alive. Rushdies characters and dreamlike settings are deliriously inventive. It is similar to Alice in Wonderland where Alice is in her own fantasy land. In this tale are some virile moments dealing with freedom of speech and expression. The force of evil in this story is silence, an enforced silence, the quashing of language, fantasy, satire - even the truth itself. There are chain reactor of allegories and light-hearted commentary woven into the tapestry. The Princess Batcheat is a bit much to put up with, as are the people we must sometimes defend on principles such as freedom of expression.      I found the ending interest when you find out that the city Haroun and Rashid live in, the city that forgot its hear, has the aforementioned(prenominal) name as the fantasy land, Kahani, that Haroun was just in. in any case, during the story Haroun would hint that people in the fantasy land reminded him of people he knew in his own city. Also the fact that what made Harouns father lose his talent of grievous stories, Soraya, Rashids wife, lef t him for someone else, was back and she referred to the man she left the same as Khattam-shud.

life in the factories :: essays research papers

Western CivilizationLife in the FactoriesThe 19th century in England was an expanding time especially considering England was enveloped in the industrial Revolution. Many factories were expanding and evolution and needed people to fill the jobs that they had. Although legion(predicate) these factories were growing they were not able to keep up with the population, which was growing more quickly than anything. When these factories went to find people they were able to find many that would need jobs and would utilization for less than the people that had the jobs. When these factories wanted to keep more money they merely brassed for the one group of people that could work for as long as they asked, for as low as they asked, with no questions asked. That group of people was children.Since many families had control of their children and some families didnt want to send their kids these factories, so many factories were not able to find the amount of workers they wanted so they wen t to look for the kids other places. A few places that they went to look were orphanages and workhouses and bought these children and forced them to sign contracts, which more or less made them slaves. The factories then went on to house and feed them, which was a sens easier then to house and feed a grown person. By the 1790s almost all workers in the factories were children.When these factories went and bought these children they knew that they had to feed and clothe these kids and then endure them with a place to sleep. The factory owners went at this problem with the same bargain rate that they had when buying the children. Children were forced at many places, to eat while works and the kids often complained about the food. Most of the time the food was covered in dust by the time they were beginning to eat. When most of these children came from the workhouses and were made to pay off with a castrate of common clothes.Most factories were able to work the kids from pass ov er till dusk and sometimes beyond. Some people wanted to change the law of how long a person under the age of 18 could work to 10 hours, but parliament wouldnt pass that law. A man by the name of Lord Ashley was a doctor and cogitate that a childs body could only endure 10 hours of labor at a time without damaging the childs health.

The Sedition Act of 1798 :: Government American History Papers

For the first few years of Constitutional government, under the leadership of George Washington, there was a unity, frequently calledFederalism that even James Madison (the succeeding(a) architect of the Re existenceanParty) acknowledged in describing the Republican form of government-- And harmonise to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in beingrepublicans, ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and supportingthe character of Federalists. Although legislators had seriousdifferences of opinions, political unity was considered absolutelyessential for the stability of the nation.Political parties or cabalswere considered evil as Complaints are everyplace heard from our mostconsiderate and virtuous citizens, every bit the friends of public andprivate faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments aretoo unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rivalparties, and that measures are too oft decided, not according to therule s of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the winnerforce of an interested and overbearing majority_ Public perception offactions were related to British excesses and thought to be the mortaldiseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished. JamesMadison wrote in Federalist Papers 10, By a faction, I understand anumber of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of thewhole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or ofinterest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent andaggregate interests of the community. He went on to explain that factionis part of human nature that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, andthat relief is only to be sought in the federal agency of controlling its EFFECTS. The significant point Madison was to make in this render was that the Unionwas a safeguard against factions in that even if the influence of obstinateleaders may kindle a flame within their bad-tem pered States, they will beunable to spread a general conflagration through and through the other States.What caused men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to hold in traditionand public perceptions against factions and build an opposition party? Did they finally give with Edmund Burkes famous aphorism When bad mencombine, the good must harmonise else they will fall, one by one, anunpitied sacrifice in a pitiful struggle? Did the answer lie intheir opposition with the agenda of black lovage Hamilton and the increases ofpower both to the executive branch as well as the legislative branch ofgovernment?

The Devils Disciples :: Essays Papers

The Devils DisciplesKing James IIs rise to strength in the 1680s became an extremely turbulent time for all under his reign. This was ancient due to Catholic versus Protestant relations. Unlike his brother Charles II, James II openly professed his Catholic beliefs and granted spectral freedom to all. Aside from religious toleration, his appointing of Catholics to high government posts enraged the Protestant colonialists even more. One item-by-item was Governor Andros. He wrongfully imposed taxes, took counseling self-governing systems, finish jury trials, and oppressed Puritan beliefs.Peter Hoffer gives the ratifier an account of the capital of Oregon witch trials through the story of the Barbadian minister Parris, his daughter Betty, and his slave Tituba. In certain places, he eludes to mini-stories and small history explanations to help the reader better understand the Puritans way of thinking and Titunbas African butt round. Parris is called to Salem Town for a temporary position. However, through a township feud between two powerful Puritan families, Parris position soon becomes permanent. Like all small Puritan small towns, Salem Town is a struggling Utopia. After James II leaves the throne, Governor Andros is murdered. The evasive Utopia, bewildered governor, struggling economy, cold winters, and deadly sicknesses that plague Salem Town mold the residences faith to a test. One might ask why the Puritans, a religious sect thought to be quite holy, should have the closely witchery. Hoffer explains how the Puritans holy attitudes and beliefs are partially the cause of their problems. Each Puritan village is a highly structured and disciplined society. The goal of each of these settlements is to strive Utopia or something close to it. They fail to reach anything close. Because of this, many Puritans blame their problems on outside forces. Although somewhat educated, they attribute any discrepancies as the Devils work. More often than not, the victims were women and the suspects were women, raving the possibility that witchery and accusations of witchery were the way the struggling Puritans coped with their situation. This in not to say the belief in witches came about during this time. The belief in witches was widespread long before the witch trials. In fact, the government recognized its presence by making malefician (bad magic) a felony. Witches were tell to have certain meeting places, which were never actually seen, in which they held conundrum meetings and unholy rituals. Although no one ever saw a legitimate witch gathering, this superstition was a mainstream belief.

Rohypnol :: essays research papers

In the 1950s it was commonly know as slithering some unity a Mickey Finn. By the mid-1980s it was called H-Bombing prostitutes slipped the sleeping pill triazolam into a customers drink and robbed them after they would pass out. But the recent intromission of the illicit doping do drugss, flunitrazepan promises to take the dangerous practice of doping unsuspecting dupes into raw depths. Today I am going to talk about flunitrazepan or other wise known as the date itch drug. I will tell you what it is, its effects, and the steps people drop take to avoid rohypnol.According to the May 98 issue of clinical Pediatrics, rohypnol is a sedative-hypnotic benzadiazepine manufactured by the Hoffman La Roche high society in Europe and Latin America, and is prescribed in those places for treatment of worry and insomnia. Although the drug is not manufactured or prescribed in the joined States, it is homemade or smuggled into the country and distributed.Rohypnol is the trade make water for the drug flunitrazepam a benzadiazepine which is a central nervous system narcotic like Valium but 10 time more potent. The marketed drug looks like aspirin, but has a single or cross-scored on one side with ROCHE spelled across it with the number 1 or 2 form underneath it on the other side. The drug is a 1 or 2 mg pill that is shipped in bubble packaging or blister packs that appear very similar to aspirin overly. Street prices one-milligram anovulatory drug is $1and $5 for a two-milligram tablet. Street names for rohypnol argon roche, la roche, rope, roofies, rib, ruffies, stupefi, and the most common the date rape drug. When dissolved in alcohol, low-keyed drinks, water, or any other liquid the drug is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Because of this rohypnol quarter easily be slipped into the drink of an unsuspecting sexual assault victim by an assailant. The result is that the victim remembers nothing of the sexual assault or that they knew something was happening but could not do anything about it. Effects of rohypnol begin within 20 minutes after ingesting then decision up to 8 to 24 hours. Rohypnol intoxication is generally associated with impair judgment and impaired motor skills, and the combination of alcohol and rohypnol is also especially hazardous together because their effects on memory and judgments are greater than effects from either of them taken alone. Other effects admit visual impairment, drowsiness, confusion, decreased blood pressure, memory impairment, gastrointestinal disturbances and urinary retention.

Platos Argument For A Just Life :: essays research papers

Platos Argument For A Just LifePlatos argument for the benefits of a just life is intrinsi shouty linked to hisdefinition of costly and its congener to peoples requires. He begins by showingthat when the objective of a desire is elementary (e.g. quenching a aridness), thedesire must(prenominal) be correspondingly simple. Since thirst is a simple desire, themans objective must also be simple and should we assign an adjective to hisobjective, we would falsely complicate it. In addition, Plato believes that wewould be poorly erring if we assign a value of good to an desire.In unwashed use, the adjective good would denote something that is good inrelation to others of its kind. We support in a present good if it containscharacteristics that we look for in a drink (e.g. pleasantness or taste). Platotakes this a step further and states that something that is good must not onlybe good in relation to others just it must be wholly good. Thus a drink cannotbe truly good if evil re sults from it. This poses an interesting question forPlatos readers namely, since no unmatched wants bad things to happen to them, why dopeople engage in self-destructive activities? The answer lies in the fact thatthe only think that we desire to drink is that we anticipate the result of ourthirst being quenched. Our appetites see no further consequences than theimmediate fulfillment of our desires they do not contemplate the results of theactions we take to fulfill our desires.For this reason, Plato believes that we must separate the soul found on how itreacts to desires. in that location must be a part of the soul, Plato reasons, thatcontemplates the windup result of our actions and makes decisions based on a higherreasoning than desire. So we see devil distinct parts of the soul. The first issaid to be appetite (which desires without reason) and reason (which considersthe consequences). Reason may thus work against anything that is not for thetotal good of the man. Plato h olds that if the desire were truly for a gooddrink, reason would never fight back it. Our usage of the word good, however, hascome to denote an expectation of usefulness to our finding although this may berelative to the end result that we experience from the object. For example, wecall a knife good because it is sharp and cuts well but if the end result isthat we cut ourselves, we would say that the knife would have been better if it

Athletes as Role Models :: essays research papers

Athletes as Role ModelsAthlets have been lookd up to as place models for as long as athletic contests have exsted. There is conscionable something attractive about the thought of being in good physiological condition and being talented in sports. But, are athlets the kind of good deal that children should be looking up to for direction and guidance? Many children a lot look up to the professional athletes as role models. In fact, in 1995 Sports Illustrated for Kids did a survey for kids who were ages 7 through 12 about who their role model was. The majority of the kids answered that a professional athlete was who they most looked up to. Only four percent of the children answered that their role model was one of thir parents. Because of straight off?s media, athletes are constantly in the public eye. Everything they do on and off of the vie report. Some professional athletes speak a authoritative message through their fame by demonstrating constructive ideas such as t eamwork and inscription while they are on the field. Even off of the playing field some athletes set a good example by visit children in schools, going to hospitals, or even setting up foundations and organizations to facilitate the ill and less fortunate people. However, other athletes are not as considerate to the fact that someone may be looking up to them, some athletes are not concerned about anything other than the sport they are getting paid to play and themselves. These athletes are the ones that propose questions all over whether athletes should be considered role models or not. A role model provoke be defined as a person whose behavior, example or success is or can be emulated by others, especially newfangled people. Who would want their child looking up to someone who has been convicted of domestic forcefulness or has a drug addiction? It is an argument of opinion that cannot be settled.The side of athletes most commonly seen is when they are on the field. Athle tes can be a very positive influence while on the playing field for many reasons. Teamwork is displayed in sports such as football, baseball, soccer, and hockey. It is where all the players working(a) together and are all striving to reach the same goal. Anybody reflexion a game such as hockey or baseball can clearly see that the players must work together in both offense and defense to win the game.

High-Functioning Autism through Rain Man Essay example -- Neurology Di

High-Functioning Autism through Rain Man A man and his pal walk down the terminal in an airport. They engage in a heated argument over whether they should board an airplane for Los Angeles. The older familiar complains about taking an airplane and fears for his life, telling his chum salmon about the crashes that every(prenominal) airline has had. The younger brother becomes annoyed and tells him that every airline has crashed at one point or another. To this, the older brother exclaims, Qantas never crashed. inconvenience oneself at his obstinacy and refusing to fly to Australia just to travel to Los Angeles, the younger brother attempts to pull the older. He responds in the only way he knowsby screaming. Not wishing to undergo his painful screams, the younger brother simoleons and reassures his brother that they will drive to Los Angeles instead. This scene may sound uncanny to neurologically-typical (NT), or normal, people, but it does demonstrate the coping strategies of people with autism, as exhibited through this scene from Rain Man. Charlie Babbitt, a neurologically typical adult, does not recognise how his brother, Raymond Babbitt, who is a high-functioning autistic, functions in his little world that he has created. Manifestations of autism such as this indicate to people how an autistic was seen as like a barbarian (Pollak 258) in older definitions. Recently, though, people are beginning to understand that the riddle is organic, or biologically based, as opposed to the psychogenic, or psychologically based, guess of the past. With the release of Rain Man came the increased understanding of autistics and a willingness to see to it out what autistics are thinking, thus i... ...on & Schuster, 1997. Rain Man. Dir. Barry Levinson. Prod. Mark Johnson. Metro Goldwyn Mayer, 1988. Rimland, Bernard. immature Autism the Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Beh avior. New York Meredith Publishing Company, 1964. Rowe, Peter. Delving into the Mystery of Autism. San Diego Union-Tribune 16 October 2001. 9 December 2001 Schneider, Edgar. Discovering My Autism Apologia Pro Vita Sua (with Apologies to Cardinal Newman). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd., 1999. Smith, Claude J., younger Finding a Warm Place for Someone We Know the pagan Appeal of Recent Mental Patient and Asylum Films. Journal of common Film and Television 27.1 (2001). 9 December 2001

When Worlds Collide Essay -- Culture Anglo Saxon Essays

When Worlds Collide The world of Beowulf and that of modern America receive some interesting similarities. The Anglo- Saxon belief in wyrd, or hatful, is animate and well in the 21st century. Like the Anglo- Saxons, our agri cultivation regards the crime of violent death ones own kin or family to be the nearly heinous of each(prenominal). Americans love entertainment just as much as the Anglo- Saxons of Beowulfs time did. Of course, with our modern technology like movies, television, and the Internet, we are allowed to cognise many more methods of enjoyment than medieval people were able to enjoy. However, their culture is remembered through portions of our popular culture. Within its pages, Beowulf contains the notion of wyrd. This is the Anglo- Saxon concept of fate, the nous that everything is destined or planned to happen. The Anglo- Saxon people believed that everything was predetermined and that all their fates were already fixed. Be owulf says to Unferth that Fate often saves an undoomed man when his courage is good,(p.12) meaning that fate may save a warrior if he has true courage. In modern- day America, this idea of fate is similar to the idea of having an angel on your shoulder. legion(predicate) of the people who survived the September 11th tragedy did so by missing their train that day or getting struck in traffic. 1 gentleman who worked high up in the first tower surfed slash twelve flights of stairs as the building collapsed and survived with simply a embarrassed leg. Some believe that it was just chance or a stochastic thing, but many believe that it was fate that saved them, the idea organism that some other force had plans for these people and that their time on this cosmos was not yet over. In Beowulfs time, the w... ... Lord of the Rings, originally a trilogy of books written by J.R.R. Tolkien, pays respect to the ancient culture and ways of the Norse people, with their traditions of oral fib telling and epic quests embedded within the storys plot. These similarities show where some of our roots as Americans come from. Our culture is a massive patchwork quilt of various cultures and ethnicity. There are strong strains of this ancient culture running through our modern society. Beowulf is only one example of the Anglo- Saxon literature we possess today, but from it, we predominate more of what their culture was and we keep some these values alive in our own ways. Works CitedAssociated Press. Doctor Yates felt she had no choice. http//www.msnbc.com/news/709713.asp 5 March 2002. Howe, Nicholas ed. Beowulf A Prose Translation. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 2002.

The Trouble with Boys :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

My sister asks me how I am. I tell her Ive been unproductive, distracted, and irritable. Ive been in a place before where I re every last(predicate)y didnt care to be geological dating anyone at whole, just now when Im in that place its usually because my defenses have bygone haywire and are slaughtering innocent passers-by. Its not a lot of fun, I gotta tell you. What I cant remember is whether its more fun - or less(prenominal) not-fun - than what Im feeling now. I mean, he seemed wish a nice guy. He loves his mother. He holds down a good job. He said skilful enough of the right things that I believed him. Clever boy. So now Im shuttling distractedly back and forth between feeling colored for myself and feeling sorry for him - the first, because Ive been here too goddamned many times already and wherefore dont these boys ever hang around? and the second because, bless his little heart, he never even gave himself the chance to know just how wonderful I am. Its irrit ating. What bothers me almost as much, though, are the friends who, when Im cool with things and dont care whether I assignment anyone or not, warn me that Ill be alone forever if I dont allow down my defenses and open up to the possibility of meeting Mister Wonderful, but when Im all in a terrible state because the guy for whom Ive finally permit down my defenses seems to be dumping me, tell me I shouldnt care whether he wants to see me or not, because Im allathat and a bag of chips anyway and Ill be exquisitely on my own. Seems like good advice care enough but not too much, want to see him but not care whether he wants to see me, keep my defenses in check but up and running... but I have yet to figure out how to do all these things at once. And while I am fine on my own, Id quite like the opportunity to be fine with someone for a while. I have a friend for whom this is not a problem. Her tactic, upon suspecting shes being ditched, which she would like me to emulate, is to put on her sassiest attitude and start dating someone else - rather one of his friends.